Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences
Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …
Variation in immune defence as a question of evolutionary ecology
P Schmid-Hempel - Proceedings of the Royal Society of …, 2003 - royalsocietypublishing.org
The evolutionary–ecology approach to studying immune defences has generated a number
of hypotheses that help to explain the observed variance in responses. Here, selected topics …
of hypotheses that help to explain the observed variance in responses. Here, selected topics …
Immune defense and host life history
Recent interest has focused on immune response in an evolutionary context, with particular
attention to disease resistance as a life-history trait, subject to trade-offs against other traits …
attention to disease resistance as a life-history trait, subject to trade-offs against other traits …
Seasonal changes in vertebrate immune activity: mediation by physiological trade-offs
Animals living in temporally dynamic environments experience variation in resource
availability, climate and threat of infection over the course of the year. Thus, to survive and …
availability, climate and threat of infection over the course of the year. Thus, to survive and …
Assessing the cost of mounting an immune response
C Bonneaud, J Mazuc, G Gonzalez… - The American …, 2003 - journals.uchicago.edu
The evolution of parasite resistance has often been assumed to be governed by antagonistic
selection pressures. Defense against pathogens, by mounting an immune response, confers …
selection pressures. Defense against pathogens, by mounting an immune response, confers …
Immune activity elevates energy expenditure of house sparrows: a link between direct and indirect costs?
The activation of an immune response is beneficial for organisms but may also have costs
that affect fitness. Documented immune costs include those associated with acquisition of …
that affect fitness. Documented immune costs include those associated with acquisition of …
Cost of reproduction in a long-lived bird: incubation effort reduces immune function and future reproduction
Life-history theory predicts that increased current reproductive effort should lead to a fitness
cost. This cost of reproduction may be observed as reduced survival or future reproduction …
cost. This cost of reproduction may be observed as reduced survival or future reproduction …
Chronic malaria infections increase family inequalities and reduce parental fitness: experimental evidence from a wild bird population
Avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium) occur commonly in wild birds and are an increasingly
popular model system for understanding host–parasite co‐evolution. However, whether …
popular model system for understanding host–parasite co‐evolution. However, whether …
Adaptations to migration in birds: behavioural strategies, morphology and scaling effects
A Hedenström - … Transactions of the Royal Society B …, 2008 - royalsocietypublishing.org
The annual life cycle of many birds includes breeding, moult and migration. All these
processes are time and energy consuming and the extent of investment in any one may …
processes are time and energy consuming and the extent of investment in any one may …
Physiological mechanisms mediating costs of immune responses: what can we learn from studies of birds?
Activating the immune system has associated fitness costs, both immediate costs in the form
of reduced current reproduction and long-term costs in the form of reduced life span and …
of reduced current reproduction and long-term costs in the form of reduced life span and …