COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung,
leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. This condition is generally referred to …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis,
and matrix homeostasis and is intimately involved in fibrosis. TGFB expression is increased …

Abstract Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is involved in innate and adaptive immune responses to defend
against pathogens. It also participates in the process of influenza infection by affecting viral …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and their
precursor mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are often detected together in tumors, but how …

Mucosal surfaces are under constant bombardment from potentially antigenic particles and
so must maintain a balance between homeostasis and inappropriate immune activation and …

The mortality rate of critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is
30.9% to 46.1%. The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has become a …

Rationale: Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a key role in host defense to inhaled bacterial
pathogens, in part by secreting inflammatory mediators. Cystic fibrosis (CF) airways exhibit a …

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the amiloride-
sensitive epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are located in the apical membranes of airway …

Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are essential to lung function and a primary site of influenza A
virus (IAV) replication. Effects of IAV infection on ATII cell microRNA (miR) expression have …

The ability of gut microbial metabolites to influence the host is increasingly recognized. The
microbiota extensively metabolizes the three aromatic amino acids, tryptophan, tyrosine, and …