The work function, which is the energy barrier for an electron esca** from the surface of a
material, is a fundamental material surface property with many applications spanning energy …

Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) remains a critical issue across material phases
(vacuum, gas, liquids, and solids) and timescales. The solution for one-dimensional (1D) …

Engineering a material's work function is of central importance for many technologies and in
particular electron emitters used in high‐power vacuum electronics and thermionic energy …

We consider the limiting current from an emitting patch whose size is much smaller than the
anode–cathode spacing. The limiting current is formulated in terms of an integral equation. It …

While prior theoretical studies of multi-dimensional space-charge limited current (SCLC)
assumed emission from a small patch on infinite electrodes, none have considered emission …

A physics-based model that predicts the emitted current from thermionic cathodes is
developed, which accurately spans from the temperature-limited (TL) to full-space-charge …

Photon emitters are becoming increasingly important due to their ability to generate high
brightness, low emittance, and spatiotemporally coherent electron bunches for multiple …

Child–Langmuir law theoretically predicts the transition from thermionic electron emission to
space charge limited (SCL) current density across a diode gap. In this work, we reveal a …

This paper examines the relationship between ethical behavior and green growth for a large
sample of 109 countries, comprised of developed and develo** countries. We applied …

The space charge effect in various kinds of electron diodes has been extensively studied.
Typically, the coaxial cylindrical geometric model is used for practical applications, such as …