Simple Summary Oxidative stress occurs within biological systems when free radicals,
classified as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, are in excess. The …

Alarmins are preformed, endogenous molecules that can be promptly released to signal cell
or tissue stress or damage. The ubiquitous nuclear molecule high-mobility group box 1 …

Iron is required for the survival of most organisms, including bacteria, plants, and humans. Its
homeostasis in mammals must be fine-tuned to avoid iron deficiency with a reduced oxygen …

The primary β-globin gene mutation that causes sickle cell disease (SCD) has significant
pathophysiological consequences that result in hemolytic events and the induction of the …

Abstract In 1994, the “danger model” argued that adaptive immune responses are driven
rather by molecules released upon tissue damage than by the recognition of “strange” …

Iron metabolism is a balancing act, and biological systems have evolved exquisite
regulatory mechanisms to maintain iron homeostasis. Iron metabolism disorders are …

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules originate from
damaged cells and tissues with the ability to trigger and/or modify innate immune responses …

Hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, are characterized by
enhanced release of hemoglobin and heme into the circulation, heme-iron loading of …

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an umbrella term for a group of life‐long debilitating autosomal
recessive disorders that are caused by a single‐point mutation (Glu→ Val) that results in …

Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis,
macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and …