A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that
can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the outer retina, characterized most
significantly by atrophy of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium accompanied with …

Geographic atrophy is a blinding form of age-related macular degeneration characterized by
retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) death; the RPE also exhibits DICER1 deficiency …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the
elderly in developed countries. AMD is classified as either neovascular (NV-AMD) or non …

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are mainstay therapeutics for HIV that
block retrovirus replication. Alu (an endogenous retroelement that also requires reverse …

Introduction Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)
cells is related to the pathogenesis of various retinopathies including age-related macular …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal
transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease …

This review highlights the role of three key immune pathways in the pathophysiology of
major retinal degenerative diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular …

The atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration (dry AMD) affects nearly 200 million
people worldwide. There is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the
neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and …