The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

The human brain undergoes a prolonged period of cortical development that spans multiple
decades. During childhood and adolescence, cortical development progresses from lower …

The human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of real or
perceived stress. This objective is achieved through autoregulatory neural and hormonal …

INTRODUCTION Depression is an episodic form of mental illness, yet the circuit-level
mechanisms driving the induction, remission, and recurrence of depressive episodes over …

The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …

The term 'stress'–coined in 1936–has many definitions, but until now has lacked a
theoretical foundation. Here we present an information-theoretic approach–based on the …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are small lipid hormones produced by the adrenals that maintain
organismal homeostasis. Circadian and stress-induced changes in systemic GC levels …

Energy is required to sustain life and enable stress adaptation. At the cellular level, energy is
largely derived from mitochondria–unique multifunctional organelles with their own genome …

The brain is the central organ involved in perceiving and adapting to social and physical
stressors via multiple interacting mediators, from the cell surface to the cytoskeleton to …

In the brain, most synapses are formed on minute protrusions known as dendritic spines.
Unlike their artificial intelligence counterparts, spines are not merely tuneable memory …