The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

INTRODUCTION Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia impose enormous human,
social, and economic burdens. The prognosis of psychotic disorders has not substantially …

Brain function depends on simultaneous electrical, chemical and mechanical signaling at
the cellular level. This multiplicity has confounded efforts to simultaneously measure or …

Decisions take time, and as a rule more difficult decisions take more time. But this only
raises the question of what consumes the time. For decisions informed by a sequence of …

Sensory areas are spontaneously active in the absence of sensory stimuli. This
spontaneous activity has long been studied; however, its functional role remains largely …

In the basal ganglia (BG), anatomically segregated and topographically organized
feedforward circuits are thought to modulate multiple behaviors in parallel. Although …

Perceptual decision making is the process by which animals detect, discriminate, and
categorize information from the senses. Over the past two decades, understanding how …

Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of
their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other …

Tactile sensory information from facial whiskers provides nocturnal tunnel-dwelling rodents,
including mice and rats, with important spatial and textural information about their immediate …