Abstract The Southern Ocean is widely recognized as a potential cause of the lower
atmospheric concentration of CO 2 during ice ages, but the mechanism is debated. Focusing …

Intermediate glacial states were characterized by large temperature changes in Greenland
and the North Atlantic, referred to as Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) variability, with some …

In this study, global satellite data were analyzed to determine trends in oceanic wind speed
and significant wave height over the 33-year period from 1985 to 2018. The analysis uses …

Government policies currently commit us to surface warming of three to four degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels by 2100, which will lead to enhanced ice-sheet melt. Ice-sheet …

This work documents the ICON‐Earth System Model (ICON‐ESM V1. 0), the first coupled
model based on the ICON (ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic) framework with its unstructured …

Abstract Models and proxy data suggest multi-centennial nutrient reorganization and
biological productivity changes under sustained climate warming. These changes have …

During the last glacial period, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) closely followed Antarctic
temperature on millennial timescales. This strong correlation between Antarctic climate and …

The temperature of seawater can affect marine plankton in various ways, including by
affecting rates of metabolic processes. This can change the way carbon and nutrients are …

Pulse-like carbon dioxide release to the atmosphere on centennial time scales has only
been identified for the most recent glacial and deglacial periods and is thought to be absent …

Radiocarbon is an extremely useful carbon cycle tracer and radiometric dating tool. Here,
we review the main principles and challenges involved in the use of radiocarbon in …