Ecosystem services are natural processes that benefit humans. Birds contribute the four
types of services recognized by the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment—provisioning …

Synzoochory is the dispersal of seeds by seed-caching animals. The animal partner in this
interaction plays a dual role, acting both as seed disperser and seed predator. We propose …

This work presents a novel nature-inspired metaheuristic called Nutcracker Optimization
Algorithm (NOA) inspired by Clark's nutcrackers. The nutcrackers exhibit two distinct …

The previous chapters have provided a first insight into the heterogeneity, complexity and
great physiognomic and ecological variety of the timberline phenomenon; a heterogeneity …

The integration of functional traits into vulnerability assessments is a promising approach to
quantitatively capture differences in species sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climate …

Until very recently, complete characterization of the megagenomes of conifers has remained
elusive. The diploid genome of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) has a highly …

Seed dispersal can be advantageous (1) in escape from density-or distance-dependent
seed and seedling mortality,(2) by colonization of suitable sites unpredictable in space and …

At a glance, most species seem adapted to the environment in which they live. Yet species
relentlessly evolve, and populations within species evolve in different ways. Evolution, as it …

A variety of nut-producing plants have mutualistic seed-dispersal interactions with animals
(rodents and corvids) that scatter hoard their nuts in the soil. The goals of this review are to …

Abstract VOLUME 2: This state-of-knowledge review about the effects of fire on flora and
fuels can assist land managers with ecosystem and fire management planning and in their …