BACKGROUND The extent of urban areas is increasing around the world, and most humans
now live in cities. Urbanization results in dramatic environmental change, including …

Wildlife has existed in urban areas since records began. However, the discipline of urban
ecology is relatively new and one that is undergoing rapid growth. All wildlife in urban areas …

Urban ecology is a field encompassing multiple disciplines and practical applications and
has grown rapidly. However, the field is heterogeneous as a global inquiry with multiple …

Humans challenge the phenotypic, genetic, and cultural makeup of species by affecting the
fitness landscapes on which they evolve. Recent studies show that cities might play a major …

A map of ecological regions of the conterminous United States, first published in 1987, has
been greatly refined and expanded into a hierarchical spatial framework in response to user …

The majority of humanity now lives in cities or towns, with this proportion expected to
continue increasing for the foreseeable future. As novel ecosystems, urban areas offer an …

Urbanization is changing Earth's ecosystems by altering the interactions and feedbacks
between the fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes that maintain life. Humans …

Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between
nature and human society. Characteristics of human society—including culture, economics …

A great challenge for ecology in the coming decades is to understand the role humans play
in eco-evolutionary dynamics. If, as emerging evidence shows, rapid evolutionary change …

Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding throughout the world, but how urban growth affects
the evolutionary ecology of species living in urban areas remains largely unknown. Urban …