Context Ecological research and an effective forest management need accurate information
on the structure of the forest canopy to understand the biochemical, physiological and …

Key message Metabolic, physiological and inter-tree competitive processes interact to
determine long-term growth behaviour of stands and individual trees of even-aged …

A tree growth model is formulated based on structural relationships in a carbon balance
framework. Three relationships are applied:(1) an allometric relationship between crown …

The population structure and spatial pattern of major tree species in a warm-temperate old-
growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Tatera Forest Reserve of Japan were …

A new model of three-dimensional tree architecture development was made, in which the
growth of branches depends on their local light environment. The unit of the tree architecture …

Competition for canopy space is a key process in forest dynamics, but the underlying
mechanisms are not well understood in old-growth forests. We combined laser-based …

We present a technique to measure the simultaneous sway of a group of trees and
reconstruct the frequency of crown collisions and sway dynamics of individual or groups of …

Forest canopy has been identified as a major contributor to explaining the potential of mixed
stands to provide a greater amount of ecosystem services, including superior productivity …

1 Crown collisions induced by tree sway are hypothesized to reduce crown closure and leaf
area in maturing cold temperate forests. These declines are thought to lead to the decline in …

A model for simulating the growth and development of individual Scots pines (Pinus
sylvestris L.) is presented in terms of three-dimensional structure of the tree as determined …