Key message WRKY transcription factors are among the largest families of transcriptional
regulators. In this review, their pivotal role in modulating various signal transduction …

Plants take up a wide range of trace metals/metalloids (hereinafter referred to as trace
metals) from the soil, some of which are essential but become toxic at high concentrations …

The global diversity of fungi has been estimated between 2 to 11 million species, of which
only about 155 000 have been named. Most fungi are invisible to the unaided eye, but they …

Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) are required for host
defense against pathogens. Although PTI and ETI are intimately connected, the underlying …

Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of
microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe‐and host damage …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Throughout their life cycle, plants encounter a myriad of challenges arising from both abiotic
and biotic stresses, which significantly impact crop yield and nutritional content. In natural …

Low temperatures affect plant growth, development, productivity, and ecological distribution.
Expression of the C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) transcription factors is induced by cold …