The inverse relationship between atmospheric CO2 and the stomatal index (proportion of
epidermal cells that are stomata) of vascular land plant leaves has led to the use of fossil …

A broad compilation of modern carbon isotope compositions in all C3 plant types shows a
monotonic increase in δ 13C with decreasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) that differs …

Fractionation of carbon isotopes by plants during CO2 uptake and fixation (Δleaf) varies with
environmental conditions, but quantitative patterns of Δleaf across environmental gradients …

Accurate temperature records for the deep geological past are a vital component of
paleoclimate research. Distributional changes of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol …

Continental climate evolution of Central Europe has been reconstructed quantitatively for the
last 45 million years providing inferred data on mean annual temperature and precipitation …

Although temporal calibration is widely recognized as critical for obtaining accurate
divergence-time estimates using molecular dating methods, few studies have evaluated the …

The Cenozoic fill of the Gulf of Mexico basin contains a continuous record of sediment
supply from the North American continental interior for the past 65 million years. Regional …

Rapid global warming of 5° to 10° C during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
(PETM) coincided with major turnover in vertebrate faunas, but previous studies have found …

The early Eocene" equable climate problem", ie warm extratropical annual mean and above-
freezing winter temperatures evidenced by proxy records, has remained as one of the great …

We use the oxygen isotopic composition of tooth enamel from multiple mammalian taxa
across eastern Africa to present a proxy for aridity. Here we report tooth enamel δ18O values …