It is important to understand how Earth's surface conditions have changed over geological
timescales and what has driven these changes. Much of this understanding comes from …

The current rapid increase in atmospheric CO2, linked to the massive use of fossil fuels, will
have major consequences for our climate and for living organisms. To understand what is …

Abstract The Permian/Triassic boundary approximately 251.9 million years ago marked the
most severe environmental crisis identified in the geological record, which dictated the …

The similarity of the average ratios of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in marine dissolved
inorganic and particulate organic matter, dN: P and pN: P, respectively, indicates tight links …

Photosynthesis produces molecular oxygen, but it is the burial of organic carbon in
sediments that has allowed this O2 to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere. Yet many direct …

The extent to which Paleozoic oceans differed from Neoproterozoic oceans and the causal
relationship between biological evolution and changing environmental conditions are …

The spectral view of variability is a compelling and adaptable tool for understanding
variability of the climate. In Mitchell (1976) seminal paper, it was used to express, on one …

Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) document major perturbations of the global carbon cycle with
repercussions for the Earth's climate and ocean circulation that are relevant to …

As climate change continues, the likelihood of passing critical thresholds or tip** points
increases. Hence, there is a need to advance the science for detecting such thresholds. In …

For most of Earth's history, the ocean's interior was pervasively anoxic and showed
occasional shifts in ocean redox chemistry between iron-buffered and sulfide-buffered …