During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

Background The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the
endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence …

In the last decade, much attention has been devoted to the effects of nutrient-related signals
on brain development and cognitive functions. A turning point was the discovery that brain …

Ghrelin, a gastric-derived acylated peptide, regulates energy homeostasis by transmitting
information about peripheral nutritional status to the brain, and is essential for protecting …

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) are pleiotropic hormones with
important roles in lifespan. They promote growth, anabolic actions, and body maintenance …

Food intake is a complex behavior that can occur or cease to occur for a multitude of
reasons. Decisions about where, when, what, and how much to eat are not merely reflexive …

The vagus nerve is the primary means of neural communication between the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract and the brain. Vagally mediated GI signals activate the hippocampus (HPC), a …

Feeding is critical for survival, and disruption in the mechanisms that govern food intake
underlies disorders such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. It is important to understand both …

Ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth-hormone
secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). Since then, ghrelin has been found to exert a plethora …

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is currently one of the most promising biological systems
for the development of effective obesity pharmacotherapies. Long-acting GLP-1 analogs …