The peptidoglycan layers of many gram-positive bacteria are densely functionalized with
anionic glycopolymers known as wall teichoic acids (WTAs). These polymers play crucial …

Gram-positive organisms, including the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis, have dynamic cell envelopes that mediate …

Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses in the host gastrointestinal tract to
promote health. The genomics era has provided novel opportunities for the discovery and …

The gut microbiota provide important stimuli to the human innate and adaptive immune
system and co-mediate metabolic and immune homeostasis. Probiotic bacteria can be …

Practical Handbook of Microbiology, 4th edition provides basic, clear and concise
knowledge and practical information about working with microorganisms. Useful to anyone …

Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic human pathogen that frequently causes
disease in community and hospital settings. Nasal colonization is an important risk factor for …

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent cause of difficult-to-treat,
often fatal infections in humans,. Most humans have antibodies against S. aureus, but these …

Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PG) is densely functionalized with anionic polymers
called wall teichoic acids (WTAs). These polymers contain three tailoring modifications: d …

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are present throughout the human body—in tissues, at
barrier sites and in the circulation. They are critical for processing external signals to instruct …

The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria—whether assessed by shape, food,
metabolism, or ecological niche—surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular …