This paper reviews the many developments in estimates of the direct and indirect global
annual mean radiative forcing due to present‐day concentrations of anthropogenic …

Light absorption by aerosols contributes to solar radiative forcing through absorption of solar
radiation and heating of the absorbing aerosol layer. Besides the direct radiative effect, the …

Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black
carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

The optical properties of the light-absorbing, carbonaceous substance often called
“soot,”“black carbon,” or “carbon black" have been the subject of some debate. These …

We examine the sensitivity of a climate model to a wide range of radiative forcings, including
changes of solar irradiance, atmospheric CO2, O3, CFCs, clouds, aerosols, surface albedo …

Every year, from December to April, anthropogenic haze spreads over most of the North
Indian Ocean, and South and Southeast Asia. The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) …

Carbonaceous aerosols affect the radiative balance of the Earth by absorbing and scattering
light. While black carbon (BC) is highly absorbing, some organic carbon (OC) also has …

Aerosols affect the Earth's energy budget directly by scattering and absorbing radiation and
indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and, thereby, affecting cloud properties …

Located in the dust belt, the Arabian Peninsula is a major source of atmospheric dust.
Frequent dust outbreaks and some 15 to 20 dust storms per year have profound effects on …