Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected health care systems
worldwide. Severe presentations of COVID-19 such as severe pneumonia and acute …

NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis
and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-κB activation, which can in turn …

The p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathway allows cells to
interpret a wide range of external signals and respond appropriately by generating a …

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) proteins regulate many
physiological processes, including the innate-and adaptive-immune responses, cell death …

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines comprises 11 proteins (IL-1F1 to IL-1F11)
encoded by 11 distinct genes in humans and mice. IL-1–type cytokines are major mediators …

Monocytes and macrophages are central players of the innate immune response and play a
pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation. Thereby, they actively participate in all phases …

Research on the biological function of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key mediator of inducible
transcription in the immune system, has traditionally focused on its role in the initiation of …

Prior exposure of innate immune cells like monocytes/macrophages to minute amounts of
endotoxin cause them to become refractory to subsequent endotoxin challenge, a …

Excessive inflammation is becoming accepted as a critical factor in many human diseases,
including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, infection …

Inflammation is a multicomponent response to tissue stress, injury and infection, and a
crucial point of its control is at the level of gene transcription. The inducible inflammatory …