Many animal appendages, such as avian beaks and mammalian ears, can be used to
dissipate excess body heat. Allen's rule, wherein animals in warmer climates have larger …

After decades of debate, biologists today largely agree that most speciation events require
an allopatric phase (that is, geographic separation), but the role of adaptive ecological …

Bergmann's and Allen's rules state that endotherms should be larger and have shorter
appendages in cooler climates. However, the drivers of these rules are not clear. Both rules …

Animals tend to decrease in body size (Bergmann's rule) and elongate appendages (Allen's
rule) in warm climates. However, it is unknown whether these patterns depend on each …

Endotherms use their appendages—such as legs, tails, ears and bills—for thermoregulation
by controlling blood flow to near-surface blood vessels, conserving heat when it is cold, and …

Aim Understanding how ecological communities are assembled remains a grand challenge
in ecology with direct implications for charting the future of biodiversity. Trait‐based methods …

A rich history of comparative research in the auditory field has afforded a synthetic view of
sound information processing by ears and brains. Some organisms have proven to be …

Biological rules describe general morphological, structural and genetic patterns within and
across species. Within these, ecogeographical rules correlate phenotypic variation of …

Mammals play important ecological roles in terrestrial ecosystems, with their particular
niches and their impacts on energy flow and nutrient cycling being strongly influenced by …

Distinguishing between genetic, environmental, and genotype× environment effects is
central to understanding geographic variation in phenotypic clines. Two of the best …