In the last few years, a great interest has emerged in investigating the pleiotropic effects of
Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs). While GLP-1RAs ability to lower …

Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player
in the first‐line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and …

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Insulin, which is produced in β-cells, is a critical regulator of metabolism …

The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated
complications is now well established. Several conditions that are driven by inflammatory …

Defective brain insulin signaling has been suggested to contribute to the cognitive deficits in
patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although a connection between AD and diabetes …

The association between hyperglycemia and inflammation and vascular complications in
diabetes is now well established. Antidiabetes drugs may alleviate inflammation by reducing …

Incretins are gut hormones that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells into the blood within
minutes after eating. One of their many physiological roles is to regulate the amount of …

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, is released from intestinal L-
cells in response to nutrients. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin …

Study of monogenic forms of obesity has demonstrated the pivotal role of the central leptin–
melanocortin pathway in controlling energy balance, appetite and body weight. The majority …

The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) can either stimulate or inhibit programmed cell
death (apoptosis). Here, we review examples of cell types that show pro‐apoptotic or anti …