Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

Modified nucleic acids, also called xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), offer a variety of advantages
for biotechnological applications and address some of the limitations of first-generation …

Therapeutic oligonucleotides have emerged as a powerful drug modality with the potential
to treat a wide range of diseases; however, the rising number of therapies poses a …

Genetic information storage and processing rely on just two polymers, DNA and RNA, yet
whether their role reflects evolutionary history or fundamental functional constraints is …

In this article, we used an artificial DNA base to manipulate the formation of DNA
nanoflowers (NFs) to easily control their sizes and functionalities. Nanoflowers have been …

Labeling of nucleic acids is required for many studies aiming to elucidate their functions and
dynamics in vitro and in cells. Out of the numerous labeling concepts that have been …

All natural organisms store genetic information in a four-letter, two-base-pair genetic
alphabet. The expansion of the genetic alphabet with two synthetic unnatural nucleotides …

Recent advancements in the creation of artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs,
UBPs) are opening the door to a new research area, xenobiology, and genetic alphabet …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

While natural and synthetic N-nucleosides are vulnerable to enzymatic and acid-catalyzed
hydrolysis of the nucleosidic bond, their C-analogues are much more stable. Several C …