Earth is over 4,500 million years old. Massive bombardment of the planet took place for the
first 500–700 million years, and the largest impacts would have been capable of sterilizing …

Magmas erupted in deep-water environments (> 500 m) are subject to physical constraints
very different to those for subaerial eruptions, including hydrostatic pressure, bulk modulus …

Porphyry deposits arguably represent the most economically important class of nonferrous
metallic mineral resources. These magmatic-hydrothermal deposits are characterized by …

Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMS) are grouped into five lithostratigraphic types,
using sequence boundaries defined by major time-stratigraphic breaks, faults, or major …

Abstract The Cambro-Ordovician period has yielded the major development of volcanic-
hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits in Australia, resulting in about 12 million metric …

Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits (VMS deposits) have been studied in more
detail than their volcanic host rocks. Over the last 10 years, however, there has been a …

The results of three decades of seafloor research provide the most reliable information on
the importance of water depth in massive sulfide formation. Available data from over 130 …

This paper describes the results of detailed map** and combined structural and
sedimentologic investigation of the∼ 3.5 Ga old North Pole Chert along the eastern and …

Abstract Zn-Pb-Ag mineral deposits are the products of hydrothermal ore-forming systems,
which are restricted in time and space. In Australia, these deposits formed during three main …

Quench fragmentation is a non-explosive process that occurs when molten magma is super-
cooled to glass upon contact with ambient water. This occurs when coherent lavas are …