The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain …

The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including
trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents a unique challenge to the mammalian immune
system. It must tolerate the presence of the luminal microbiota and thus not respond to their …

Simple Summary The gastrointestinal tract is a complex organization of various types of
epithelial cells forming a single layer of the mucosal barrier, the host mucosal immune …

Highlights•Epithelial hypoxia drives anaerobiosis to maintain dominance of obligate
anaerobes.•Increased epithelial oxygenation disrupts anaerobiosis in the large …

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects a wide range of animals and causes zoonotic
infections in humans. Although it normally only results in mild illness in healthy individuals …

Inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are frequently associated with
dysbiosis,,,,,,,, characterized by changes in gut microbial communities that include an …

Signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical for
intestinal homeostasis. To visualize epithelial expression of individual TLRs in vivo, we …

Paneth cells are versatile secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn of the small
intestine. In normal conditions, they function as the cornerstones of intestinal health by …

Intestinal inflammation is frequently associated with an alteration of the gut microbiota,
termed dysbiosis, which is characterized by a reduced abundance of obligate anaerobic …