Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes …

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects a wide range of animals and causes zoonotic
infections in humans. Although it normally only results in mild illness in healthy individuals …

Astrocytes constitute approximately 30% of the cells in the mammalian central nervous
system (CNS). They are integral to brain and spinal-cord physiology and perform many …

Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian
species and a substantial proportion of the world's human population. The parasite has an …

Astrocytes are crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in the injured
central nervous system. Depending on timing and context, astrocyte activity may exacerbate …

Astrocytes play important roles in numerous central nervous system disorders including
autoimmune inflammatory, hypoxic, and degenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis …

Astrocytes form borders (glia limitans) that separate neural from non-neural tissue along
perivascular spaces, meninges and tissue lesions in the CNS. Transgenic loss-of-function …

Astrocytes play both physiological and pathological roles in maintaining central nervous
system (CNS) function. Here, we review the varied functions of astrocytes and how these …

While TGF-β signaling is essential for microglial function, the cellular source of TGF-β1
ligand and its spatial regulation remains unclear in the adult CNS. Our data supports that …