Background Contemporary incidence estimates of typhoid fever are needed to guide policy
decisions and control measures and to improve future epidemiological studies. Methods We …

Background Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, yet more than 785 million
people do not have access to it. The burden of water management disproportionately falls …

Background Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) play a pivotal role in controlling typhoid
fever, as it is primarily transmitted through oral-fecal pathways. Given our constrained …

Measuring the burden of typhoid fever and develo** effective strategies to reduce it
require a surveillance infrastructure that is currently lacking in many endemic countries …

Background Multidrug resistance Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem
globally. The disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in develo** …

Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen associated with localized outbreaks that potentially
pose a huge risk to the public health in some countries such as Africa and India, especially …

Enteric fever (EF) is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi
(S. Paratyphi) causing significant health problems in develo** countries including …

Rural and peri-urban communities in develo** countries rely on sanitation systems which
are often unsafely managed. One of the major barriers to assess safely managed sanitation …

Background Typhoid fever remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-and
middle-income settings. In the last 10 years, several reports have described the …

Infection duration affects individual host fitness and between-host transmission. Whether an
infection is cleared or becomes chronic depends on the complex interaction between host …