Evapotranspiration (ET)—the distribution and partitioning of which is strongly mediated by
vegetation—is central to the water, energy and carbon cycles. In this Review, we examine …

In recent decades, climate change and other anthropogenic activities have substantially
affected groundwater systems worldwide. These impacts include changes in groundwater …

Surface-water availability, defined as precipitation minus evapotranspiration, can be affected
by changes in vegetation. These impacts can be local, due to the modification of …

Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration affect continental runoff through radiative and
physiological forcing. However, how climate and land surface changes, and their …

Water is one of the most essential components in the sustainable development goals
(SDGs) of the United Nations. With worsening global water scarcity, especially in some …

Carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for achieving carbon neutrality; however, its
environmental sensitivity and potential remain uncertain. A comprehensive framework was …

Drylands are particularly sensitive to climate change, and soil water availability is critical for
dryland ecosystems. Climate change and large-scale ecological restoration have led to …

Soil moisture (SM) plays a significant role in water, energy, and carbon cycles, and is a key
variable related to multiple sustainable development goals. The frequent occurrence of …

Naturally treeless ecosystems are being replaced by native and non‐native trees worldwide,
often through deliberate afforestation using forestry tree species. By introducing species …

Large-scale deforestation alters water availability through its direct effect on runoff
generation and indirect effect through forest-climate feedbacks. However, these direct and …