Background: HIV-1 strains have diversified extensively through mutation and recombination
since their initial transmission to human beings many decades ago in Central Africa in the …

A substantial number of studies have been performed across the world to determine
transmitted drug resistance. Large variations between different parts of the world can be …

The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), that suppresses replication of
the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has dramatically improved the prognosis …

Background This study aimed to evaluate HIV type-1 (HIV-1) drug resistance pretreatment
and in those failing first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based …

Patients infected with HIV-1 of subtype other than B ('non-subtype B') or with HIV-2 are being
treated with antiretroviral drugs in increasing numbers. In addition, healthcare providers and …

Background HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a threat to the HIV epidemic control in
Zambia especially in sub-populations such as the 15–24 years where there is poor …

Background. Now that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is being initiated on a
large scale in West Africa, it remains controversial whether protease inhibitors (PIs) …

Objective: To assess the mutational patterns and factors associated with baseline drug-
resistant HIV-1 present at initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) at 3 sites in …

As the use of antiretroviral therapy becomes more widespread across Africa, it is imperative
to characterize baseline molecular variability and subtype-specific peculiarities of drug …

Access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for persons infected with HIV in sub-
Saharan Africa has greatly improved over the past few years. However, data on long-term …