Myriad tiny insect species take to the air to engage in windborne migration, but entomology
also has its 'charismatic megafauna'of butterflies, large moths, dragonflies and locusts. The …

Dispersal costs can be classified into energetic, time, risk and opportunity costs and may be
levied directly or deferred during departure, transfer and settlement. They may equally be …

Animal migrations are often spectacular, and migratory species harbor zoonotic pathogens
of importance to humans. Animal migrations are expected to enhance the global spread of …

Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many
pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity …

Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an
urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate …

Long‐distance migration has evolved in many organisms moving through different media
and using various modes of locomotion and transport. Migration continues to evolve or …

2.1 Background Exhaustive empirical surveys have shown that, almost without exception,
macroparasites (parasitic helminths and arthropods) are aggregated across their host …

Climate Change and Wildlife Diseases: When Does the Host Matter the Most? Page 1 912
FORUM Ecology, Vol. 90, No. 4 2 D or o Ll. Mathur, KK, G. Harpalani, NL Kalra, GGK Murthy …

Every fall, millions of North American monarch butterflies undergo a stunning long-distance
migration to reach their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Migration allows the butterflies to …

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are parasitized by the protozoan Ophryocystis
elektroscirrha throughout their geographical range. Monarchs inhabiting seasonally …