An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems

KS Makarova, YI Wolf, OS Alkhnbashi… - Nature reviews …, 2015 - nature.com
The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems

EV Koonin, KS Makarova, F Zhang - Current opinion in microbiology, 2017 - Elsevier
Highlights•Two classes of CRISPR-Cas systems differ by the architectures of effector
modules.•Effectors of Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems are large, multidomain proteins.•Effector …

Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6

JS Gootenberg, OO Abudayyeh, MJ Kellner, J Joung… - Science, 2018 - science.org
Rapid detection of nucleic acids is integral for clinical diagnostics and biotechnological
applications. We recently developed a platform termed SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity …

C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector

OO Abudayyeh, JS Gootenberg, S Konermann… - Science, 2016 - science.org
INTRODUCTION Almost all archaea and about half of bacteria possess clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) adaptive …

The biology of CRISPR-Cas: backward and forward

F Hille, H Richter, SP Wong, M Bratovič, S Ressel… - Cell, 2018 - cell.com
In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems

S Shmakov, A Smargon, D Scott, D Cox… - Nature reviews …, 2017 - nature.com
Class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems are characterized by effector modules that consist of a single
multidomain protein, such as Cas9 or Cpf1. We designed a computational pipeline for the …

Programmable RNA targeting with the single-protein CRISPR effector Cas7-11

A Özcan, R Krajeski, E Ioannidi, B Lee, A Gardner… - Nature, 2021 - nature.com
CRISPR–Cas interference is mediated by Cas effector nucleases that are either components
of multisubunit complexes—in class 1 CRISPR–Cas systems—or domains of a single …

[HTML][HTML] Biology and applications of CRISPR systems: harnessing nature's toolbox for genome engineering

AV Wright, JK Nuñez, JA Doudna - Cell, 2016 - cell.com
Bacteria and archaea possess a range of defense mechanisms to combat plasmids and viral
infections. Unique among these are the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short …

The CRISPR-associated DNA-cleaving enzyme Cpf1 also processes precursor CRISPR RNA

I Fonfara, H Richter, M Bratovič, A Le Rhun… - Nature, 2016 - nature.com
CRISPR–Cas systems that provide defence against mobile genetic elements in bacteria and
archaea have evolved a variety of mechanisms to target and cleave RNA or DNA. The well …

CRISPR-Cas immunity in prokaryotes

LA Marraffini - Nature, 2015 - nature.com
Prokaryotic organisms are threatened by a large array of viruses and have developed
numerous defence strategies. Among these, only clustered, regularly interspaced short …