SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely contagious respiratory virus causing adult atypical pneumonia
COVID-19 with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SARS-CoV-2 has a single …

Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a
disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or …

ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei
Province, Central China, and has spread quickly to 72 countries to date. COVID-19 is …

Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their
hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs …

The novel human coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become the fifth documented
pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China, and …

Abstract Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are
potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS …

SARS-CoV-2 has caused tens of thousands of infections and more than one thousand
deaths. There are currently no registered therapies for treating coronavirus infections …

INTRODUCTION Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are rapidly deployed in response to
invading pathogens. By initiating a signaling cascade that stimulates the expression of …

The sudden emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
at the end of 2019 from the Chinese province of Hubei and its subsequent pandemic spread …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses …