Rationale This review provides insight for the judicious selection of nicotine dose ranges
and routes of administration for in vivo studies. The literature is replete with reports in which …

The goal of this article is to summarize available data examining the physiological
significance of brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems in mediating the …

We have developed a novel human laboratory model to examine two primary aspects of
stress-precipitated tobacco relapse:(1) Does stress reduce the ability to resist the first …

The subunit composition and pharmacological regulation of rat neuronal nicotinic
cholinergic receptors were assessed. Specific immunoprecipitation was determined in …

Chronic administration of nicotine increases the density of neuronal cholinergic nicotinic
receptors in cells and in rodent brain, and similar increases have been reported in brains …

Nicotine is a strong activator of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Smoking of
only two cigarettes consistently activates the HPA axis of habitual smokers. However, while …

Because chronic exposure to nicotine and nicotinic drugs might both activate and
desensitize nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), we sought to determine whether …

Over many years a large number of studies have demonstrated that nicotine and exposure
to cigarette smoke produce marked neuroendocrine changes in animals and in man. The …

Chronic nicotine treatment generally results in tolerance to several actions of nicotine and a
paradoxical increase in brain nicotinic receptor numbers. Receptor upregulation, it has been …

Nicotine has been shown to be a potent stimulus for the secretion of the stress-responsive
hormones, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and prolactin. This paper reviews the findings by our …