Retrobiosynthesis provides an effective and sustainable approach to producing functional
molecules. The past few decades have witnessed a rapid expansion of biosynthetic …

Novel and improved biocatalysts are increasingly sourced from libraries via experimental
screening. The success of such campaigns is crucially dependent on the number of …

Recent breakthroughs in AI coupled with the rapid accumulation of protein sequence and
structure data have radically transformed computational protein design. New methods …

Protein engineering often targets binding pockets or active sites which are enriched in
epistasis—nonadditive interactions between amino acid substitutions—and where the …

Directed evolution of proteins often involves a greedy optimization in which the mutation in
the highest-fitness variant identified in each round of single-site mutagenesis is fixed. The …

Protein engineering is an emerging field in biotechnology that has the potential to
revolutionize various areas, such as antibody design, drug discovery, food security, ecology …

Enzymes can be engineered at the level of their amino acid sequences to optimize key
properties such as expression, stability, substrate range, and catalytic efficiency─ or even to …

Machine learning (ML) is revolutionizing our ability to understand and predict the complex
relationships between protein sequence, structure, and function. Predictive sequence …

The study of non-natural biocatalytic transformations relies heavily on empirical methods,
such as directed evolution, for identifying improved variants. Although exceptionally …

Abstract Machine learning (ML) has transformed protein engineering by constructing models
of the underlying sequence-function landscape to accelerate the discovery of new …