Photosynthesis is crucial for sustaining life on this planet and necessary for plant growth and
development. Abiotic stresses such as high and low temperatures, and excess, or deficit of …

As sessile organisms, plants are constantly challenged by a dynamic growing environment.
This includes fluctuations in temperature, water availability, light levels, and changes in …

The global diversity of fungi has been estimated between 2 to 11 million species, of which
only about 155 000 have been named. Most fungi are invisible to the unaided eye, but they …

The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (20–24 nt) sized, non-coding, single stranded
riboregulator RNAs abundant in higher organisms. Recent findings have established that …

Plant responses to different stresses are highly complex and involve changes at the
transcriptome, cellular, and physiological levels. Recent evidence shows that plants respond …

Lignin is a complex aromatic biopolymer important for providing mechanical strength to the
cell wall and resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses. It helps in plant growth by …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of endogenous, small RNA molecules that sit
at the heart of regulating gene expression in multiple developmental and signalling …

Environmental pollution, global warming and climate change exacerbate the impact of biotic
and abiotic stresses on plant growth and yield. Plants have evolved sophisticated defence …

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as gene regulators has led to a paradigm shift in the
understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation in plants and animals. miRNAs have …

Drought tolerance is an important quantitative trait with multipart phenotypes that are often
further complicated by plant phenology. Different types of environmental stresses, such as …