Whole body exercise tolerance is the consummate example of integrative physiological
function among the metabolic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems …

The methods used to assess cardiac parasympathetic (cardiovagal) activity and its effects on
the heart in both humans and animal models are reviewed. Heart rate (HR)-based methods …

Understanding the genetic programs that drive neuronal diversification into classes and
subclasses is key to understand nervous system development. All neurons can be classified …

Hair cell (HC) loss is the major cause of permanent sensorineural hearing loss in mammals.
Unlike lower vertebrates, mammalian cochlear HCs cannot regenerate spontaneously after …

Background The cell development atlas of transition stage from late Carnegie to fetal
development (7–9 weeks) remain unclear. It can be seen that the early period of human …

To study the role of the bHLH genes NSCL‐1 and NSCL‐2 in the development of GnRH‐1
neurons, we have generated compound mutant mice. Mutant animals die at birth and show …

The body muscle is an important tissue used in organisms for proper viability and
locomotion. Although this tissue is generally well studied and characterized, and many …

Use of the synthetic opioid fentanyl increased~ 300% in the last decade, including among
women of reproductive ages. Adverse neonatal outcomes and long-term behavioral …

Failure of the human heart to maintain sufficient output of blood for the demands of the body,
heart failure, is a common condition with high mortality even with modern therapeutic …

In mammals, reproductive function is under the control of hypothalamic neurons named
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) neurons. These neurons migrate from the …