For over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for
the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds' beauty and extraordinary …

Baculoviruses are DNA viruses that can naturally control insects and form the basis for a
range of biological insecticides. These viruses are occluded in a crystalline protein matrix …

The most commonly studied invertebrate viruses are those that frequently cause overt
disease in their hosts. The chapter presents many of the examples that involve insect pests …

Wild felids are vital to maintaining the ecological balance in natural environments as they
regulate prey populations at different levels of the food chain. Changes in the dynamics of …

Our understanding about viruses carried by wild animals is still scarce. The viral diversity of
wildlife may be best described with discovery-driven approaches to the study of viral …

Disease ecologists now recognize the limitation behind examining host–parasite
interactions in isolation: community members—especially predators—dramatically affect …

O oencyrtus kuvanae is a key egg parasitoid of L ymantria dispar (L.), an important
defoliating pest in C hina and N orth A merica. We have developed mass rearing techniques …

BACKGROUND High temperatures will occur more frequently with global warming, with
potential impacts on the efficacy of biological control agents. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are …

This chapter discusses three areas of biotic interactions involving invertebrate pathogens:
tritrophic interactions among invertebrates, pathogens, and plants; competition within the …

The Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) is the basis for viral
insecticides in several countries in Latin America. The rate of acquisition of infection and the …