Microbial biofilms are communities of aggregated microbial cells embedded in a self-
produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms are recalcitrant to …

Bacteria and other microorganisms have evolved an ingenious form of life, where they
cooperate and improve their chances of survival when subjected to environmental stress …

Cells respond to the environment and alter gene expression. Recent studies have revealed
the social aspects of bacterial life, such as biofilm formation. Biofilm formation is largely …

Biofilms—matrix-enclosed microbial accretions that adhere to biological or non-biological
surfaces—represent a significant and incompletely understood mode of growth for bacteria …

Cyanobacteria are among the most ancient of evolutionary lineages, oxygenic
photosynthesizers that may have originated before 3.0 Ga, as evidenced by free oxygen …

The appearance of photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae and plants) dramatically altered the
Earth's ecosystem, making possible all vertebrate life on land, including humans. Dating …

Structures resembling remarkably preserved bacterial and cyanobacterial microfossils
from∼ 3,465-million-year-old Apex cherts of the Warrawoona Group in Western Australia …

Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled
with vanished organisms. But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites …

Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutually beneficial biological association between species in the
fungal phylum Glomeromycota and higher plants roots. The symbiosis is thought to have …

Evidence for the existence of life during the Archaean segment of Earth history (more than
2500 Myr ago) is summarized. Data are presented for 48 Archaean deposits reported to …