Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by myeloid cells constitute a versatile family of
receptors that play a key role in innate immune recognition. Myeloid CLRs exhibit a …

Fibrosis is the final common pathway of inflammatory diseases in various organs. The
inflammasomes play an important role in the progression of fibrosis as innate immune …

Inflammation is a protective reaction activated in response to detrimental stimuli, such as
dead cells, irritants or pathogens, by the evolutionarily conserved immune system and is …

Helminths are extraordinarily successful parasites due to their ability to modulate the host
immune response. They have evolved a spectrum of immunomodulatory molecules that are …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are integral components of multiple cellular pathways even
though excessive or inappropriately localized ROS damage cells. ROS function as anti …

The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-
2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to …

The gut microbiome is at the center of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and
disease activity. While this has mainly been studied in the context of the bacterial …

Inflammasomes are a set of intracellular protein complexes that enable autocatalytic
activation of inflammatory caspases, which drive host and immune responses by releasing …

Many parasitic worms possess complex and intriguing life cycles, and schistosomes are no
exception. To exit the human body and progress to their successive snail host, Schistosoma …