Blockchain networks are based on cryptographic notions that include asymmetric-key
encryption, hash functions and consensus protocols. Despite their popularity, mainstream …

Consensus algorithms are applied in the context of distributed computer systems to improve
their fault tolerance. The explosive development of distributed ledger technology following …

Blockchain, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, refers to the public ledger used in a
distributed network. Because blockchain does not rely on a central authority, peers have to …

A blockchain is a distributed, digitized and consensus-based secure information storage
mechanism. The present article provides an overview of blockchain based e-voting systems …

We present an overview of hybrid Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget (FFG), a proof‐of‐
stake checkpointing protocol overlaid onto Ethereum's proof‐of‐work blockchain. We …

The large-scale application of blockchain technology is an expected to be an inevitable
trend. This study revolves around published papers and articles related to blockchain …

Cryptocurrencies are emerging as virtual financial systems based on their innovative
decentralized and distributed strategy in order to provide astonishing capabilities across a …

Security and trust are seen as the most important issues in electronic voting systems.
Therefore, it is necessary to use cryptographic procedures to ensure anonymity, security …

The consensus algorithm is an essential ingredient of any blockchain system. Many different
consensus mechanisms, such as practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT), Proof-of-Work …

On several proof-of-stake blockchains, agents engaged in validating transactions can open
a pool to which others can delegate their stake in order to earn higher returns. We develop a …