In a choice among assured, familiar outcomes of behavior, impulsiveness is the choice of
less rewarding over more rewarding alternatives. Discussions of impulsiveness in the …

The present paper provides an integrative review of research on token reinforcement
systems, organized in relation to basic behavioral functions and economic variables. This …

Experiments on single, multiple, and concurrent schedules of reinforcement find various
correlations between the rate of responding and the rate or magnitude of reinforcement. For …

How do children acquire the vast array of concepts, strategies, and skills that distinguish the
thinking of infants and toddlers from that of preschoolers, older children, and adolescents? In …

When pigeons' standing on one or the other side of a chamber was reinforced on two
concurrent variable‐interval schedules, the ratio of time spent on the left to time spent on the …

We studied the choice behavior of 2 monkeys in a discrete‐trial task with reinforcement
contingencies similar to those Herrnstein (1961) used when he described the matching law …

It is commonly understood that the interactions between an organism and its environment
constitute a feedback system. This implies that instrumental behavior should be viewed as a …

In several different experiments, pigeons were trained with one schedule or condition of food
reinforcement for pecking in the presence of one key color, and a different schedule or …

In behavioral science, it is well known that humans and nonhuman animals are highly
sensitive to differences in reward magnitude when choosing an outcome from a set of …

Pigeons chose between an immediate 2‐second reinforcer (access to grain) and a 6‐
second reinforcer delayed 6 seconds. The four pigeons in the control group were exposed to …