More than a hundred genes have been identified that, when disrupted, impart large risk for
autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Current knowledge about the encoded proteins—although …

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous neoplasms that vary considerably based
on primary site, differentiation, and grade. A minority of NETs are characterized by the ability …

PD-1 blockade has transformed the management of advanced clear cell renal cell
carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of the PD-1 response remain incompletely …

Autophagy plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In healthy cells,
such a homeostatic activity constitutes a robust barrier against malignant transformation …

The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)
complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling network directs cellular metabolism and growth. Activation …

Background Tuberous sclerosis complex is highly variable in clinical presentation and
findings. Disease manifestations continue to develop over the lifetime of an affected …

Tuberous sclerosis (also known as tuberous sclerosis complex [TSC]) is a multisystem
genetic disorder that affects almost every organ in the body. Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex I (mTORC1) is a central regulator of cellular
and organismal growth, and hyperactivation of this pathway is implicated in the …

Aberrations in various cellular signaling pathways are instrumental in regulating cellular
metabolism, tumor development, growth, proliferation, metastasis and cytoskeletal …

Background Tuberous sclerosis complex is a genetic disorder affecting every organ system,
but disease manifestations vary significantly among affected individuals. The diverse and …