Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they
utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to …

The host interferon (IFN) response represents one of the first barriers that influenza viruses
must surmount in order to establish an infection. Many advances have been made in recent …

Viral infection can dramatically alter a cell's transcriptome. However, these changes have
mostly been studied by bulk measurements on many cells. Here we use single-cell mRNA …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) constitute a major threat to human health. The IAV genome
consists of eight single-stranded viral RNA segments contained in separate viral …

We have recently reported the isolation of a novel virus, provisionally designated
C/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK), with 50% overall homology to human influenza C …

Transcription and replication of the influenza virus RNA genome is catalyzed by the viral
heterotrimeric RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the context of viral ribonucleoprotein …

Influenza A viruses are constantly changing. This change accounts for seasonal epidemics,
infrequent pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks. A major mechanism underlying the genetic …

Social interactions among viruses occur whenever multiple viral genomes infect the same
cells, hosts, or populations of hosts. Viral social interactions range from cooperation to …

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection can be severe or even lethal in toddlers, the elderly and
patients with certain medical conditions. Infection of apparently healthy individuals …

Defective interfering (DI) RNAs are highly deleted forms of the infectious genome that are
made by most families of RNA viruses. DI RNAs retain replication and packaging signals …