Many empirical questions in economics and other social sciences depend on causal effects
of programs or policies. In the last two decades, much research has been done on the …

This paper is a practical guide (a toolkit) for researchers, students and practitioners wishing
to introduce randomization as part of a research design in the field. It first covers the …

Problems involving causal inference have dogged at the heels of statistics since its earliest
days. Correlation does not imply causation, and yet causal conclusions drawn from a …

This book provides a careful historical analysis of the co-evolution of educational attainment
and the wage structure in the United States through the twentieth century. The authors …

First we discuss how extrinsic incentives may come into conflict with other motivations. For
example, monetary incentives from principals may change how tasks are perceived by …

Economists emphasize the link between market returns to education and investments in
schooling. Though many studies estimate these returns with earnings data, it is the …

Improvements in empirical research standards for credible identification of the causal impact
of education policies on education outcomes have led to a significant increase in the body of …

Educational policy-makers around the world constantly make decisions about how to use
scarce resources to improve the education of children. Unfortunately, their decisions are …

We examine a natural experiment and a field experiment that provided direct information on
school test scores to lower-income families in a public school choice plan. Receiving …

I gathered 77 randomized experiments (with 111 treatment arms) that evaluated the effects
of school-based interventions on learning in develo**-country primary schools. On …