Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

Germinal centres are the engines of antibody evolution. Here, using human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env protein immunogen priming in rhesus monkeys followed …

Hel** B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10
years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

The development of a protective vaccine remains a top priority for the control of the HIV/AIDS
pandemic. Here, we show that a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine co-expressing …

Protective immunity against many pathogens can be achieved through long-lived and high-
affinity antibody responses, which are driven by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells are …

Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there
remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly …

Conventional immunization strategies will likely be insufficient for the development of a
broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) vaccine for HIV or other difficult pathogens because of …

How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood.
Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated …