Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for life and are involved in the regulation of
almost all biological processes. ROS production is critical for plant development, response …

Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants
under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many …

Systemic immunity triggered by local plant–microbe interactions is studied as systemic
acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) depending on the site of …

Highlights•Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant defense hormone with critical roles in PTI, ETI and
SAR.•Induction of SA synthesis is orchestrated via complex transcriptional regulation of …

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of
diverse molecules that are induced by phytopathogens as well as defense related signaling …

Plants can acquire an improved resistance against pathogen attacks by exogenous
application of natural or artificial compounds. In a process called chemical priming …

In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential
in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and …

This article is part of the Distinguished Review Article Series in Conceptual and
Methodological Breakthroughs in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Salicylic acid (SA) is …

The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) can
be applied to improve the growth and productivity of plants, with potential to be used for …