When assessing causal effects, determining the target population to which the results are
intended to generalize is a critical decision. Randomized and observational studies each …

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are conducted under idealized and rigorously
controlled conditions that may compromise their external validity. A literature review was …

Importance Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in up to half of patients hospitalized with
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The longitudinal effects of COVID-19–associated AKI …

Abstract Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are increasingly popular in the social
sciences, not only in medicine. We argue that the lay public, and sometimes researchers, put …

Evaluating treatment effect heterogeneity widely informs treatment decision making. At the
moment, much emphasis is placed on the estimation of the conditional average treatment …

Although selecting a probability sample has been the standard for decades when making
inferences from a sample to a finite population, incentives are increasing to use …

This book builds on and is a sequel to our book Targeted Learning: Causal Inference for
Observational and Experimental Studies (2011). Since the publication of this first book on …

The wide variety of dissemination and implementation designs now being used to evaluate
and improve health systems and outcomes warrants review of the scope, features, and …

Weighting methods that adjust for observed covariates, such as inverse probability
weighting, are widely used for causal inference and estimation with incomplete outcome …

This study presents evidence on the role of social environment for the formation of
prosociality. We show that socioeconomic status (SES) as well as intensity of mother-child …