Humans live in a 24-hour environment, in which light and darkness follow a diurnal pattern.
Our circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus, is …

Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In
addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and …

Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by endogenous biological oscillators, including
a master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Since the period …

The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our
understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth …

Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the
hypothalamus to the solar 24‐hour cycle. Short wavelengths, perceived as blue color, are …

Lighting based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) not only is more energy efficient than
traditional lighting, but also enables improved performance and control. The colour, intensity …

The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of
parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the …

Daylight is ubiquitous and is crucial for mammalian vision as well as for non-visual input to
the brain via the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the …

A rare type of ganglion cell in mammalian retina is directly photosensitive. These novel
retinal photoreceptors express the photopigment melanopsin. They send axons directly to …

Ocular light drives a range of nonvisual responses in humans including suppression of
melatonin secretion and circadian phase resetting. These responses are driven by …