X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high
harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and …

Helium nanodroplets have emerged as a test bed for the study of isolated quantum liquids
and as an ideal matrix for trap** atoms and molecules in a weakly interacting, cryogenic …

Directly observing atomic motions in molecules during chemical dynamics has long
constituted one of the grand challenges in chemistry. 1 The emergence of X-ray free …

Nanoplasmas induced by intense laser fields have attracted enormous attention due to their
accompanied spectacular physical phenomena which are vigorously expected by the …

Coherent diffractive imaging of individual free nanoparticles has opened routes for the in situ
analysis of their transient structural, optical, and electronic properties. So far, single-shot …

Intense extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulses enable the investigation of XUV-induced non-linear
processes and are a prerequisite for the development of attosecond pump-attosecond probe …

Refraction is a well-known optical phenomenon that alters the direction of light waves
propagating through matter. Microscopes, lenses and prisms based on refraction are …

Ultrafast electron dynamics drive phenomena such as photochemical reactions, catalysis,
and light harvesting. To capture such dynamics in real-time, femtosecond to attosecond light …

High-intensity laser pulses covering the ultraviolet to terahertz spectral regions are
nowadays routinely generated in a large number of laboratories. In contrast, intense extreme …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) made available a new regime of x-ray intensities,
revolutionizing the ultrafast structure determination and laying the foundations of the novel …