A review of the existing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on reward
anticipation in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is provided. Meta …

Quantitative genetic studies (ie, twin and adoption studies) suggest that genetic influences
contribute substantially to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) …

This review critically summarizes the neuropathology and genetics of schizophrenia, the
relationship between them, and speculates on their functional convergence. The …

Major efforts have been directed at family-based association and case–control studies to
identify the involvement of candidate genes in the major disorders of mental health. What …

Background The validity of clinical guidelines changes over time, because new
evidencebased knowledge and experience develop. Objective Hence, the European clinical …

Serotonin and dopamine are speculated to subserve motivationally opponent functions, but
this hypothesis has not been directly tested. We studied the role of these neurotransmitters …

Chronic stress accounts for billions of dollars of economic loss annually in the United States
alone, and is recognized as a major source of disability and mortality worldwide. Robust …

Given the manifold ways that depression impairs Darwinian fitness, the persistence in the
human genome of risk alleles for the disorder remains a much debated mystery …

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is an important molecule bridging the nervous and
immune systems. DA through autocrine/paracrine manner modulates the functions of …

Brain dopamine has often been implicated in impulsive and/or inflexible behaviors, which
may reflect failures of motivational and/or cognitive control. However, the precise role of …