The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 is an essential family of kinases,
regulating responses to environmental stress and inflammation. There is an ever-increasing …

Microvascular destabilization is the primary cause of the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB)
breakdown and increased vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Microvascular …

Gastric cancer is among the most common gastrointestinal malignancies. Recent studies
have suggested that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) is related to the development …

The benign public perception of myopia (nearsightedness) as a visual inconvenience masks
the severity of its sight-threatening consequences. Myopia is a significant risk factor for …

Background Although our previous work confirmed 20 (R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (R-Rg3), which
is an active ingredient in the Panax Ginseng CA Meyer, to have good anti-diabetic activity …

Trimetazidine (TMZ), as a metabolic regulator, has been widely testified to exhibit positive
therapeutic effects on various disease models, but its role in diabetic retinopathy has not …

In the field of eye health, the profound impact of exercise and physical activity on various
ocular diseases has become a focal point of attention. This review summarizes and …

Background Proteins of the TGFβ family, which are largely studied as homodimers, are also
known to form heterodimers with biological activity distinct from their component …

Purpose of review Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) belongs to the transforming
growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and plays an important role in regulating embryonic …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in bone formation and repair.
Recent studies underscored their essential role in the normal development of several …