Lighting based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) not only is more energy efficient than
traditional lighting, but also enables improved performance and control. The colour, intensity …

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are
a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Most organisms display endogenously produced∼ 24-hour fluctuations in physiology and
behavior, termed circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcriptional …

For decades, rods and cones were thought to be the only photoreceptors in the mammalian
retina. However, a population of atypical photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) …

Purpose Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and
those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases …

For many individuals in industrialized nations, the widespread adoption of electric lighting
has dramatically affected the circadian organization of physiology and behavior. Although …

Light exerts widespread effects on physiology and behaviour. As well as the widely-
appreciated role of light in vision, light also plays a critical role in many non-visual …

Circadian rhythms are essential for the survival of all organisms, enabling them to predict
daily changes in the environment and time their behaviour appropriately. The molecular …

Light suppresses melatonin in humans, with the strongest response occurring in the short-
wavelength portion of the spectrum between 446 and 477 nm that appears blue. Blue …